Depression is more than occasional sadness. It is a mood disorder that can affect emotional well-being, motivation, energy levels, sleep, appetite, and self-esteem. Symptoms may include persistent low mood, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, or irritability.

In children and adolescents, depression may appear as withdrawal, academic decline, irritability, or behavioral changes rather than sadness alone. Adults may struggle with work performance, relationships, and daily responsibilities.

Treatment for depression often includes psychotherapy focused on rebuilding routines, addressing negative thought patterns, and improving emotional regulation. Medication management may be appropriate for moderate to severe symptoms or when therapy alone has not provided sufficient improvement.